中学英语语法讲义：定语从句

限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。 2. 功能不同 限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整： People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义) His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整) 3. 翻译不同 在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开： He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。 I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。 4. 含义不同 I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个) I have a sister ,who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐) 5.先行词不同 限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句： Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive toofast) He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句) Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰) Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰) 6. 关系词不同 关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略(参见本章有关内容)，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。 五、紧缩的定语从句 1. 关于“介词+关系代词+不定式” 该结构主要用于正式文体中，相当于一个被紧缩的定语从句： She must have time in which to grow calm. 她必须有冷静下来时的时间。 Allow me one minute in which to change my clothes. 给我一点时间换衣服。 He was miseralbe unless he had neighbours with whom to quarrel. 他要是没有邻居吵架就难受。 注意，该结构中的介词不能没有，也不能位于不定式后面： 在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。 正：There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式) 正：There the children had a garden in which they could play. (较正式) 正：There the children had a garden to play in. (较口语化) 误：There the children had a garden which to play in. 2. 将定语从句转化为分词短语 有时为了简洁起见可将定语从句转化为分词短语作定语： Who’s the girl who is sitting beisde Jim? / Who’s the girl sitting beside Jim? 坐在吉姆旁边的女孩是谁？ Most of the people who were invited to the party were teachers. / Most of the people invited to theparty were teachers. 应邀参加晚会大多数是教师。 Anyone who touches that wire will get a shock. / Anyone touching that wire will get a shock.任何人触到那根电线都会遭到电击。 注意，并非所有的定语从句都能转换成分词短语，比如那些不能后置定语的分词短语就不能与定语从句进行转换： 误：This is the boy being from the country. (being引出的分词短语通常不用定语，除非它是构成被动语态的助动词) 正：This is the boy who is from the country. 这是来自乡下的那个男孩。 误：We caught the thief having stolen the car. (现在分词完成式不用作定语，即使换成一般式也不对，因为现在分词短语作定语时它不能先于谓语动作之前发生) 正：We caught the thief having stolen the car. 我们抓住了偷汽车的小偷。 六、应考定语从句的几个易错点： 1. 混淆定语从句与并列句 请看下面两题： (1) He has two children, and both of _____ are abroad. A. them B. which C. whom D. who (2) He has two children, both of _____ are abroad. A. them B. which C. whom D. who 第(1)题选A，第(2)题选C。由于第(1)题中用了并列连词and，从而使整个句子为并列句，and后应是一个独立的简单句，所以选A不选C；第(2)题没有并列连词and，both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。 2. 混淆定语从句与表语(从句) 请看下面的试题： (1) Your coat is still _____ you left it. A. where B. there C. there where D. the place where 答案选A，where引导的是表语从句(=在…的地方)，而不是定语从句。 (2) Is this school _____ your father worked in ten years ago? A. where B. what C. that D. the one 答案选D，this school为句子主语，the one 为表语，your father worked in…为定语从句。不要误认为this是句子主语，否则school前应加冠词the。比较： Is this the school _____ your father worked in ten years ago? A. where B. what C. that D. the one (选C) Is this the school _____ your father worked ten years ago? A. where B. what C. that D. the one (选A) 3. 混淆定语从句与状语从句 请看下面的试题： (1) I went upstairs ______I heard some crying. A. where B. when C. that D. which 答案是B而不是A，when的意思是“当…的时候”，引导的是时间状语从句。(upstairs为副词，不宜用作先行词) (2) He is _____ a clever boy _____ we all like. A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as 答案应选B，而不是A。such … that …(如此…以致…)用于引导结果状语从句，其中的that不充当句子成分，而such…as…中的as为关系代词，用以引导定语从句并在定语从句充当句子成分。上句中第二空之所以选as，是因为它用作动词like宾语。